Venomous Animals - V

Vipera ammodytes
Vipera aspis
Vipera barani
Vipera berus
Vipera bornmuelleri
Vipera darevskii
Vipera dinniki
Vipera eriwanensis
Vipera kaznakovi
Vipera latastei
Vipera latifii
Vipera lotievi
Vipera magnifica
Vipera monticola
Vipera orlovi
Vipera palaestinae
Vipera raddei
Vipera renardi
Vipera sachalinensis
Vipera seoanei
Vipera spp. (general)
Vipera transcaucasiana
Vipera ursinii
Vipera wagneri
Vipera xanthina
Viridovipera gumprechti
Viridovipera medoensis
Viridovipera stejnegeri
Viridovipera vogeli

Vipera ammodytes

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Coluber ammodytes, Macrovipera ammodytes, Vipera ammodytes ammodytes, V. a. gregorwallneri, V. a. meridionalis, V. a. montandoni, V. a. ruffoi, V. a. transcaucasiana, Vipera aspis balcanica

Common Names: Nose-horned viper, sand viper, horned viper, long-nosed viper, Europaische Honrotter, Europaische Sandotter, Vipera dal corno, Pepeljanka, Zmije ruzkata, Vipera-cu-corn, European sand viper, eastern sand viper

Description

Medium-sized, stout-bodied viper, adults usually 60-75 cm long (max. 95 cm), w/ distinct horn (formed of small soft scales) atop its snout, 21-23 (rarely 25) midbody dorsal scale rows. Body usually ash gray in males & gray-brown or brick-red in females (much variation), w/ dark brown to black zig-zag along top of back, smaller spots along sides. Belly yellow, brownish, or pinkish w/ small dark spots or blotches.

Click for Image [1]

Habitat

Found in various (mainly arid or semi-arid) habitats from lower plains to 2,500 m elevation, most often at moderately high elevations in dry terrain w/ scattered bushes. Seeks gravelly, rocky hills w/ slopes facing sun. Frequently found in open areas w/ few trees & often associated w/ sandy sites. May move downslope into shaded forested areas in hot season, & back up to drier sites when temperature falls.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly terrestrial, occasionally climb into bushes. Most active in evening, except during colder weather. Generally sluggish & slow-moving by day. Not very aggressive. When annoyed, coils & hisses loudly, but usually does not bite unless disturbance continues. Ovoviviparous w/ 4-15 young/ litter. Preys mainly on small mammals, birds & other vertebrates.

Venom Characteristics

Mainly an extremely potent hemotoxin. Symptoms may include ecchymosis, progressive swelling, lymphedema, shortness of breath, marked limb stiffness, nausea, local hemorrhage, & internal bleeding. Many bites of humans, some w/ significant envenomation, annually. Human fatalities recorded. Fangs relatively long; up to 13 mm.

Vipera aspis

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Coluber aspis, Vipera aspis aspis, V. a. atra, V. a. balcanica, V. a. francisciredi, V. a. hugyi, V. a. montecristi, V. a. zinnikeri, Vipera francisci, Vipera hugyi, V. zinnikeri

Common Names: Asp viper, aspic viper, Aspisviper, Aspis-Otter, vipera aspide, European asp, European viper, vipere commune, vibora aspid, Italian asp viper, Monte Cristo asp viper, Gascony asp viper, jura viper

Description

Small viper, adults usually 50-65 cm long (max. 75 cm) w/ 21-23 midbody dorsal scale rows (rarely 19 or 25), dorsal scales strongly keeled. Body usually gray, yellowish, light brown, or reddish-brown (Alpine specimens may be black). Belly may be light gray, yellowish, or dark-gray w/ lighter flecks. Series of elongated rectangular dark blotches along back from neck to tail, slightly upturned snout, often w/ dark "V" or "X" atop back of head. Tail tip often yellow or orange below.

Click for Image [1] [2]

Habitat

Most often found in fairly warm dry, hilly areas at lower elevations, on open rocky hillsides exposed to the sun, and which have structured vegetation. Can also tolerate high, wet mountainous regions; found up to 3,000 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Diurnal in cooler months, nocturnal in hot summer months. Tolerates very cold weather; observed to move about in temperatures as low as 5 degrees C. Usually sluggish & not aggressive. When approached, generally will stop & freeze. Will bite if threatened. Ovoviviparous w/ 2-9 young/ litter reported; eats available lizards, small mammal & birds.

Venom Characteristics

Moderately potent hemotoxin. Symptoms may include pain, swelling & discoloration, necrosis, vomiting, weakened pulse, subnormal body temperatures. Later symptoms may include jaundice, renal impairment, & liver damage. Numerous bites & envenomations of humans by this species & a few (about 4% untreated) subsequent fatalities reported.

Vipera barani

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera barani nikolskii, V. berus (in part), V. pontica

Common Names: Turkish viper, Barans Otter, Baran's viper, Nikolsky's viper (for a subspecies), Waldsteppen-Otter, Black Sea viper, Pontische viper (for a junior synonym)

Description

Small to medium-sized, body slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, rather stout-bodied, terrestrial viper, adults seldom reach 50 cm (max. 60+ cm) long. Body usually uniformly black w/ white scales along lips, dorsal scales strongly keeled, in 21 (rarely 23) midbody rows. Head ovoid, wider at back, snout broadly rounded, overhangs lower jaw slightly. Belly lighter, usually dark- to medium-gray. Tail bright yellow below, moderately short & pointed.

Habitat

Found mainly in edges of forests, woodlands, croplands, & grazing areas in hilly places along the southern coast of the Black Sea, reported from 400-2,000 m elevation. Known only from northwestern Turkey, so far; may occur in adjacent similar habitats in Georgia & possibly also in southeastern Bulgaria.

Activity and Behavior

Not well known, but mainly terrestrial, & mainly active in daytime during cool months (may bask in sun), most active after dark in warm months. Apparently not very aggressive, but quick to react & will strike (for up to about 20 cm distance) if bothered or stepped on. Probably ovoviviparour, & probably preys mainly on small mammals (maybe also on available birds, lizards or amphibians).

Venom Characteristics

Not much known. Venom reported to be mildly hemotoxic, but no human bites (& no serious human envenomations or deaths) reported, so far. Bites w/ envenomation should be expected to at least cause local pain, swelling, & discoloration.

Vipera berus

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Berus vulgaris, Coluber berus, Chersea vulgaris, Pelias berus, Vipera berus berus, V. b. bosniensis, V. b. pseudoaspis, V. b. sachalinensis, V. b. soeonei, Vipera seoanei (in part)

Common Names: Northern cross adder, common adder, cross adder, adder, European viper, Kreuzotter, northern viper, vipera rossa, Vipera Peliade, Balkan cross adder, Iberian cross adder

Description

Short, w/ fairly-stout body, a bit flattened dorso-ventrally, adults avg. 55 cm (max. 90 cm) long, dorsal scales strongly keeled, in 21 midbody rows. Body color varies by geographic location. Males usually smaller & lighter, gray w/ more vivid black zig-zag dorsal pattern; females usually larger & darker; usually light-brown w/ dark brown zig-zag dorsal pattern. Juveniles usually red-brown w/ darker dorsal zig-zag pattern.

Click for Image [1]

Habitat

Found in diverse habitats, like rocky or bushy hillsides, open fields, woods, shady areas, moors, swamps, marshes, & bogs. In northern parts of range, found mainly near sea level; to nearly 3,000 m elevation in southern parts of range. Most wide-spread species of viper in the world. Found in suitable habitats throughout most of Europe & Asia; from the Arctic Circle to below 40 degrees North latitude, & from 5 to 145 degrees East longitude.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly diurnal in cold months; nocturnal in warm months. Cold-adapted in northern range, may crawl over melting snow in Spring. Basking behavior is complex. Mainly terrestrial, but climbs low bushes. Generally timid; not aggressive. Tends to freeze when danger present; but easily alarmed & bites if threatened or stepped on. Usually congregates into groups ("colonies") during annual hibernation (in rocky dens) during cold months. Mainly eats available small mammals & birds.

Venom Characteristics

Mainly hemotoxic, w/ neurotoxic factors. Envenomation usually causes sharp pain or severe burning at bite site, followed by swelling & inflammation of lymph system. Victim usually develops nausea, headaches, vomiting, chest pains & labored breathing. Humans are sometimes bitten, and fatalities have been reported, but are not common.

Vipera bornmuelleri

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Daboia raddei bornmuelleri, Lachesis libanotica, Montivipera bornmuelleri, Vipera lebetina bornmuelleri, V. (Montivipera) bornmuelleri, V. (M.) bulgardaghica, V. xanthina bornmuelleri

Common Names: Bornmueller' viper, Hermon viper, Lebanon adder, Lebanon dwarf viper, Lebanon viper

Description

Small to medium-sized, fairly stout-bodied viper, adults avg. 45-55 cm (max. 75 cm) long, dorsal scales strongly keeled, w/ usually 23 (rarely 21) midbody rows. Body grayish to brownish w/ series of 47-64 thin, irregular, dark crossbands along dorsal midline (head to tail). Head w/ 2 larger, weakly-developed dark spots & dark postocular stripe to angle of jaw. Belly grayish speckled w/ fine darker dots, but no dark blotches.

Click for Image [1]

Habitat

Found mainly in cedar forests, grasslands, & west-facing sparsely vegetated rocky talus slopes of high mountains (including snowy sites) of the Lebanese Mountains & nearby high hills in Israel, Lebanon & Syria mainly at >1,600 m elevation. Found on Mt. Hermon, on the Syrian & Lebanon border. An uncommon species throughout its limited range.

Activity and Behavior

Not very well known. Mainly diurnal & terrestrial. Seldom encountered by people, & reportedly not aggressive, but will strike if persistently provoked or stepped on. Captive specimens were ovoviviparous w/ 2-18 young/ litter; normal prey not known, but readily eat mice in captivity.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but mainly hemolytic w/ additional protein factors, probably similar to that of related species (e.g., V. raddei). Bites of humans rare & no serious envenomations nor human fatalities reported to have been caused by this species, so far.

Vipera darevskii

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera kaznakovi dinniki (in part), V. (Pelias) darevskii, V. renardi (in part), V. ursini eriwanensis

Common Names: Darevsky's viper, Darevski-Kreutzotter, Darevsky's Kaukasusotter

Description

Small, fairly stout-bodied viper, adults avg. 20-35 cm (max. 42 cm) long, keeled dorsal scales in 21 (rarely 19) midbody rows. Head w/ light yellowish spots around edges & sides; & w/ flat, nearly vertical sides & a low ridge on snout tip. Dark stripe from eye to jaw, separated from body pattern. Body yellowish-gray w/ brown middorsal zigzag band (maybe broken into spots) & sides w/ row of spots or light brown stripe. Belly black w/ light contours on ventrals. Tail ends in horny point.

Habitat

Found typically in alpine meadows w/ local black volcanic rock outcrops & small moraines; reported from 2,500-3,000 m elevation. Limited to suitable montane sites in Armenia, Georgia & possibly also Turkey.

Activity and Behavior

Not much known, but apparently terrestial & mainly diurnal, active in warm periods. Often found under flat stones in its natural habitat, a behavior probably related to thermoregulation. Not aggressive. Ovoviviparous w/ 3-5 young/litter observed. Females breed biennally (once every 2 years). Normal prey not known, but lizards & Orthopteran insects fairly common in its usual habitats.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but probably hemolytic & similar to the venom of closely-related species (e.g., V. ursinii). No bites, envenomations or fatalities of human reported, so far. A rather rare species, & seldom encountered by people.

Vipera dinniki

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Coluber berus dinniki, Montivipera dinniki, Pelias chersea, Vipera berus dinniki, V. kaznakovi (in part), V. k. dinniki, V. k. orientalis, V. (P.) dinniki, V. tigrina, V. ursini kaznakovi, V. u. renardi, V. xanthina (in part)

Common Names: Dinnik's viper, Westkaukasische-Kreuzotter, Dinnikis Kaukasusotter

Description

Small, fairly stout-bodied viper, adults avg. 30-40 cm (max. 50 cm) long, dorsal scales strongly keeled, in 21 (rarely 23) midbody rows. Head dark w/ dark postorbital stripe (continues as row of dark spots on flanks) & low ridge on snout. Often w/ light triangle mark atop neck. Body color & pattern variable, usually grayish (maybe tinged silver, green, orange or yellow) w/ dark middorsal zigzag stripe. Some specimens all black. Belly black. Tail ends in a horny point.

Habitat

Found mainly in upper forest belt, subalpine & alpine meadows, w/ rocky outcroppings & montane moraines, often near water; typically at 1,500-3,000 m elevation. Limited to Caucasus regions of southern Russia, Georgia & Azerbaijan.

Activity and Behavior

Not well known, but mainly terrestrial and diurnal (active in warm conditions). Prey mainly on available small mammals & birds; juveniles eat mainly Orthopteran insects. Ovoviviparous w/ usually 3-5 young/ litter (clutch); females breed biennially (once every 2 yrs.), usually need 3 yrs. to mature to breeding stage.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but probably mainly hemotoxic, and similar to the venoms of closely-related species (e.g., V. ursinni, V. kasnakovi). Specimens observed in field & captivity not aggressive, but will strike if provoked or stepped on. No significant bites, envenomations or fatalities of humans reported to have been caused by this species, so far.

Vipera eriwanensis

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Acridophaga renardi eriwanensis, Vipera (Pelias) eriwanensis, V. renardi eriwanensis, V. ursinii (in part), V. u. ebneri, V. u. eriwanensis, V. u. renardi

Common Names: Armenian mountain steppe viper

Description

Small to medium-sized moderately slender viper, adults max. about 50 cm long, dorsal scales highly keeled in 21 midbody rows, dorsal scales "wavy" in cross section. Head w/ dark occipital & postorbital stripes on top & sides; about 50% w/ snout concave above. Body ash-gray to olive-gray w/ dark zigzag dorsal stripe (w/ its "corners" rounded) & weakly developed lateral blotches or spots. Belly white.

Habitat

Found mainly in dry high mountain meadows, or hilly grasslands, always w/ dry grass tussocks, & often w/ occasional rocky outcrops. Sometimes found only in mossy, dense oak thickets w/ 20-30 cm deep surface litter layer; or in dry grassy-rocky sites in juniperus belts. Found mainly at about 2,000 m elevation & limited to Armenia, NW Iran & NE Turkey.

Activity and Behavior

Not much known, but probably mainly terrestrial and diurnal (most active during warm conditions). Field observations indicate it is not very aggressive, & probably ovoviviparous (clutch size not reported but probably <10 young/ clutch). Eats mainly available insects, lizards & small mammals.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known but probably mainly hemotoxic and similar to venoms of closely-related species (e.g., V. ursinii). A rare species, seldom encountered by people. No serious bites, envenomations or fatalities of humans reported to have been caused by this species, so far.

Vipera kaznakovi

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Coluber kasnakowi, Vipera berus var. ornata, V. renardi, V. ursini kasnakowi

Common Names: Caucasus viper, Kaukasusotter, Zmija Zygzakowata

Description

Smallto medium-szied, fairly stout-bodied viper, adults usually 40-50 cm long (max. 70 cm). Body light yellow, brownish, or dark red (in northern populations, often all black), w/ 18-21 midbody dorsal scale rows. Dark-edged rectangular dark blotches, may join in a mid-dorsal zig-zag line. Sometimes w/ a row of small light spots along flanks. Dorsal dark "V-shaped" mark on top of head, pointed forward. Belly lighter, usually w/ darker blotches or speckling. Snout rounded & fairly blunt.

Click for Image [1] [2]

Habitat

Found mainly in wooded hillsides & meadows up to 1,800 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Behavior not well characterized, but probably similar to that of Vipera ammodytes. Usually not aggressive; avoids confrontation when possible. Will bite if persistently disturbed, stepped on, or hurt. Mainly terrestrial & diurnal, often basks in sun. Ovoviviparous, 3-5 young/ litter. Mainly preys on lizards, small mammals, & sometimes birds.

Venom Characteristics

Moderately potent hemotoxin. Envenomation may cause pain at bite site, followed by swelling, discoloration, & internal bleeding. Severe envenomation may cause shock. Human fatalities have been recorded, but only very low numbers.

Vipera latastei

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera latastei latastei, V. l. monticola, V. l. gaditana, V. latasti, V. l. gaditana, V. l. latasti, V. latastii

Common Names: Lataste’s viper, snub-nosed viper, Stulpnasenotter, Vibora comun, Vipere de Lataste, Pequena vibora

Description

Small, rather stout-bodied viper w/ moderately upturned snout & nasal "horn," adults usually 40-50 cm long (max. 75 cm). Body pale gray, brown, or reddish-brown (more common in females), w/ well-defined black or dark brown zig-zag dorsal pattern, often w/ a row of smaller diamond-like spots along flanks, w/ dark postocular stripe. Males usually larger than females. Belly gray to yellowish w/ small light or dark spots, underside of tail tip usually yellow.

Click for Image [1] [2]

Habitat

Mainly found in lowlands & moderate elevations, mainly in fairly open, brushy, dry sandy (sometimes found in dunes) or rocky terrain; sometimes in open woodlands or thick forests, up to 1,200 m elevation. Usually not found near water or damp places. Limited to northwestern Africa & the Iberian peninsula (nearly to the Pyrenees Mountains).

Activity and Behavior

Not well known. Mainly terrestrial & usually diurnal, but can become nocturnal in warmer summer months. Reportedly irrascible & will bite w/ little provocation. Very good at sidewinding across loose sand. Ovoviviparous, w/ usually 2-13 young/ litter. Preys on small mammals, birds, lizards & large invertebrates. Young often eat available insects.

Venom Characteristics

Not well known, but mainly hemotoxic (procoagulant) w/ mildly neurotoxic factors. Occasional bites by this species have been reported, but none fatal, so far. For typical envenomation effects by closest-related species, See Vipera berus.

Vipera latifii

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Doboia raddei latifii

Common Names: Latifi's viper

Description

Small to medium-sized, fairly stout-bodied viper, adults up to 78 cm long. Four color forms: brownish gray w/ distinct dark brown zig-zag pattern; yellowish-gray w/ spots or blotches, darker than body color; or grayish or brownish w/ narrow dark vertebral stripe; grayish or brownish w/ no dorsal pattern. Usually 21-25 midbody dorsal scale rows. Belly w/ fine dark spotting, neck w/ 2 oblique spots.

Habitat

Found only in the Lar Valley of the Alburz Mountains of Iran, usually in well-drained, sparsely-vegetated rocky areas along the steep sides of valleys at about 3,000 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Little known about behavior; likely resembles other Vipera spp., which generally are nocturnal but in cool weather may be active during daytime. Usually lethargic & slow-moving in daytime, but can be very aggressive if disturbed or stepped on. When disturbed, may coil, hiss & strike. Ovoviviparous w/ 5-10 young/ litter. Eats mainly insects, lizards & mice.

Venom Characteristics

Little known about venom. Likely hemotoxic w/ hemorrhagic activity. Symptoms may include local swelling, tissue necrosis, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, & regional lymphadenitis.

Vipera lotievi

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera berus (in part), V. (Pelias) lotievi, V. ursini renardi

Common Names: Lotiev's viper, Caucasian meadow viper

Description

Medium-sized, fairly slender viper, adults max. about 60 cm long. Dorsal scales highly keeled, "wavy" in cross section, in 21 midbody rows. Head oval, not distinct from neck, w/ dark occipital & weakly-dark postorbital stripes on top & sides. Body usually light brown w/ dark zigzag dorsal stripe (w/ "rounded" corners), or pronounced bilineate pattern, rarely unicolored bronze; sides light w/ pronounced darker blotches or spots (except unicolored specimens). Belly white.

Habitat

Found mainly in oreoxerophytic sites w/ semiarid forests w/ shrubs & brushwood (shibliak), & thorny & summer deciduous vegetation (phrygana), similar to eastern Mediterranean vegetation types. Reaches the subalpine mountain belt habitat type at higher elevations. Known distribution covers the northern slopes & main range of the Greater Caucasus, at 1,200-2,700 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Not much known, but probably terrestrial & mainly diurnal. Probably active mainly during warmer parts of the year & day. Limited field observations indicate it is not very aggressive; eats mainly available insects, lizards & small mammals; & is probably ovoviviparous (clutch size not reported).

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but probably mainly hemotoxic & similar to venom of closely-related species (e.g., V. ursinii). A rare species seldom encountered by people. No serious bites, envenomations, or fatalities of humans reported to have been caused by this species, so far.

Vipera magnifica

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera kaznakovi (in part)

Common Names: The magnificent viper

Description

Small to medium-sized, fairly stout-bodied viper, adults max. 60+ cm long, dorsal scales keeled, in 21-25 midbody rows. Head oval, barely distinct from neck, sides & chin whitish w/ medium-brown postorbital stripe. Body light gray w/ goldish middorsal stripe about 3 scales wide, bordered by alternating dark-brown spots (about 60 on each side), like "tips" of a zigzag pattern. A row of pale blotches (each w/ mixed gold & brown) along flanks. Belly whitish.

Habitat

Found mainly in light grassy oak wooks & areas of dry meadows & bushes on the rocky margins of limestone massifs at 700-1,000 m elevation. Only known from the southern slope of the Skalistyi mountain range in southeastern Russia. Sometimes associated w/ rocky ravines or river valleys.

Activity and Behavior

Not much known, but probably mainly terrestrial & mainly diurnal (most active in warm periods). Probably not very aggressive, ovoviviparous w/ small clutch size (i.e., probably <10 young/clutch), & probabaly eats available insects, lizards &/or small mammals.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but probably mainly hemotoxic & similar to the venom of related species (e.g., V. kaznakovi). A rare species, not often seen by humans. No serious human envenomations nor fatalities due to this species have been reported, so far.

Vipera monticola

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera latastei montana

Common Names: Atlas Mountain viper, Mountain viper

Description

Very small terrestrial viper, adults seldom more than 40 cm long. Body mainly grayish-brown to brown, w/ darker dorsal zig-zag stripe, & sometimes additional small, irregular dark-brown blotches along sides, belly paler. Dorsal scales slightly keeled, w/ usually 19 (rarely 20) midbody rows. Snout slightly prominent & slightly upturned.

Habitat

Mainly found in rocky, sparsely-vegetated & moderately dry slopes, w/ small thorny bushes & grass tufts. Limited to higher regions of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco, usually at 2,100-3,900 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly diurnal & terrestrial. Preys on lizards, & insects (typically, no rodents are present in its usual habitat). Ovoviparous, w/ 2-12 (usually 2-4) young/ litter reported.

Venom Characteristics

Not well known, but mainly hemotoxic. Human bites & envenomations occur, but are infrequent. No significant human envenomations or fatalities reported, so far.

Vipera orlovi

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera kaznakovi (in part)

Common Names: Orlov's viper

Description

Medium-sized, rather stout-bodied viper, adults may reach 50+ cm long, dorsal scales keeled. Head slightly distinct from neck, w/ pale scales along upper front margin, lips & chin; postorbital stripe often indistinct. Body color & pattern quite variable, usually pale gray-brown (often tinged yellow or reddish; sometimes all bronze, or all black) w/ darker middorsal zigzag stripe & dark spots, blotches or lines along each side. Belly usually paler.

Habitat

Found in various Mediterranean & sub-Mediterranean landscapes; from intrazonal clearings by rivers to meadows grading into steppes & ecotones of juniper forests; at 450-950 m elevation above sea level. Known range includes both slopes of the lower northwestern part of the Great Caucasus, from Mt. Papai in the west to Mt. Bol'shoy Pseushkho in the east.

Activity and Behavior

Not much known, but probably mainly terrestrial and diurnal (most active during warm parts of the day & year). Probably ovoviviaropus & probably eats available insects, lizards & small mammals.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but probably mainly hemotoxic & similar to venom of closely-related species (e.g., V. kaznakovi). A rare species seldom encountered by people. No serious bites, envenomations or fatalities of humans due to this species have been reported, so far.

Vipera palaestinae

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Daboia palaestinae, Vipera xanthina (in part), V. x. palaestinae

Common Names: Palestine viper, Palistinian viper, Palastinaviper

Description

Medium-sized to large terrestrial viper, adults usually 70-90 cm long (max. 130 cm wild-caught; captive-bred specimens reportedly up to 180 cm). Body gray, yellowish, or reddish. Dorsal zig-zag pattern of dark reddish brown edged w/ black & surrounded by bright, narrow line, 24-25 midbody dorsal scale rows. Head w/ dorsal dark "V-shaped" mark (w/ point forward). Belly pale gray or yellow; may be speckled w/ dark gray or brown.

Habitat

Found in rocky hillsides, cultivated areas, & areas overgrown w/ brush & trees. Most numerous in fairly open, patches of canopied oak forest. Not found in sandy, desert regions. Often found along stream banks & irrigation ditches, & near human dwellings. Mainly a lowland species. Occurs from Mediterranean coastal plains to inland hills in Lebanon, Israel, & adjacent areas of Jordan & Syria.

Activity and Behavior

Generally nocturnal, but may be seen during day basking in sun amid vegetation in marshy areas. Mainly terrestrial, but may also be seen in shrubs & low trees. Usually alert; will strike quickly if disturbed. Oviparous w/ 7-22 eggs/ clutch for wild-caught specimens. Prey mainly on small mammals, birds & occasionally on lizards.

Venom Characteristics

Has both neurotoxic & hemorrhagic factors. Usual symptoms include local swelling, which may spread within a few hours; hemorrhagic or serous blisters at bite; & regional lymphadenitis. Severe envenomation may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, perspiration, weakness, difficulty swallowing, heart dysfunction, & bloody or watery stools (usually within a few hours of the bite).

Vipera raddei

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera albicornuta, V. raddei kurdistanica, V. r. raddei

Common Names: Caucasus viper, Radde’s rock viper, Russian viper, rock viper, Armenian mountain viper

Description

Medium-sized to large, terrestrial viper, adults usually no more than 1.0 m long. Background color grayish brown, grayish black, or blackish. Dorsal pattern of reddish orange spots may join to form zigzag pattern, often w/ row of dark blotches along each side, 21-25 midbody dorsal scale rows. Belly usually dark gray, often mottled w/ black. Tail yellowish orange.

Click for Image [1] [2]

Habitat

Mainly found in rocky terrain w/ sparse growth of oaks & bushes among rock fragments. Also found in cultivated areas at 1,200-3,000 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Little known about behavior. Mainly nocturnal (or crepuscular) but may be diurnal during cool months. Usually lethargic & slow-moving, but can become aggressive if suddenly disturbed. When threatened, typically quickly dives into a hiding place or under protective cover, while hissing loudly & repeatedly. Ovoviviparous w/ 3-18 young/ litter, usually born in Autumn. Eats mainly insects (especially Orthopterans after first emerging from hibernation), later switches to lizards & mice.

Venom Characteristics

Little known of venom. Likely hemotoxic w/ hemorrhagic action. Few bites (& no deaths) of humans reported. Envenomation symptoms may include local swelling, tissue necrosis, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, & regional lymphadenitis. Bites & envenomation by this species have killed domestic animals.

Vipera renardi

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Pelias renardi, P. renardii, Vipera (Pelias) renardi, V. renardi bashkirovi, V. r. parursinii, V. r. renardi, V. ursinii (in part), V. u. renardi

Common Names: Renard's viper, Steppe viper, Steppenotter

Description

Medium-sized, fairly slender-bodied viper, adults max. 70 cm long, dorsal scales highly keeled, 21 midbody rows, each scale is "wavy" in cross section. Head not distinct from neck, w/ broad dark occipital & postocular stripes on top & sides, snout concave above. Body ash-gray, yellow-brown, or olive-gray w/ dark zigzag (w/ "corners" rounded) dorsal stripe, often broken into spots or saddles. Dark markings often edged w/ thick black line. Sides light w/ dark blotches or spots. Belly dark.

Habitat

Found mainly in microhabitats w/ dry grass tussocks, but often found in dry plains, flatlands w/ few trees or bushes, moist grasslands, & open areas w/ dry clay or loamy soil, hilly grassland w/ occasional rock outcrops & near water. Range includes much of eastern Europe & western Asia: China, Ukraine, Russia, Romania, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan & Kyrgystan; found mainly at low to moderate (200-1,000 m) elevations.

Activity and Behavior

Not much known, but probably mainly terrestrial and mainly diurnal (most active in warm conditions). Probably not very aggressive toward humans unless disturbed or stepped on. Probably ovoviviparous w/ small clutch of <10 young. Prey on insects, lizards & small mammals; chosen food apparently is proportional to relative current local availability (often seasonal).

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but probably mainly hemotoxic & similar to venom of closely-related species, V. ursinii. Not very common. Few reported bites or envenomations of people (& no reported human deaths) due to this species, so far.

Vipera sachalinensis

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Coluber sachalinensis continentalis, C. s. sachalinensis, Vipera berus (in part), V. b. sachalinensis

Common Names: Sachalin viper, East Asian viper

Description

Habitat

Found mainly along banks of rivers & streams, or along rocky & sandy edges where forest & beach meet. Not found in swampy nor true tundra sites. On Sachalin Island, it lives in all types of montane-forest sites. Limited to far eastern Russia (incl. Sachalin Island), northeastern China & North Korea. Reported from >200 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Not much known. Probably mainly terrestrial & mainly diurnal (most active during warmest parts of the day & year). Probably ovoviviparous, & females probably do not breed every year. Most likely prey is any available small mammal.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known, but probably mainly hemotoxic. Rarely encountered by people. No well-documented cases of serious bites, envenomations, nor deaths of humans reported to have been caused by this species.

Vipera seoanei

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Vipera berus seoanei, Vipera seoanei cantabrica, V. s. seoanei

Common Names: Portugese viper, Basque cross adder, Nordiberische Kreuzotter, Baskian viper

Description

Medium-sized, fairly stout viper, adults avg. 55+ cm (max. 75 cm) long. Head triangular, distinct, w/ 2 dorsal dark-brown oblique bands, dark postorbital stripe & snout w/ raised edge. Dorsal scales highly keeled, 21 midbody rows, usually each twice as wide near sides as those at dorsal midline. Body pattern quite variable, usually grayish-brown to dark gray, w/ darker zig-zag pattern along dorsal midline, belly lighter. Usually looks similar to the closely-related species, V. berus.

Habitat

Not well known. Found mainly in margins & open glades of lower montane moist forests & on rocky slopes, occasionally found in edges of cultivated areas, orchards or vinyards & in nearby rock walls. Found at sea level to 1,500 m elevation. Limited to northern Portugal, northwestern Spain & (rare) in extreme southwestern France.

Activity and Behavior

Not well known, but similar to the closely related Northern Cross Adder, V. berus. Mainly terrestrial & mainly diurnal. Not usually very aggressive, but will defend itself actively if cornered or molested. Mainly preys on available small mammals, birds, & lizards. Ovoviparous, litter size usually <15 young.

Venom Characteristics

Not well known. Probably mainly hemotoxic. Human envenomations occur occasionally, but very few well-documented serious human envenomations or fatalities reported, so far.

Vipera spp. (general)

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names:

Common Names:

Description

Habitat

Activity and Behavior

Venom Characteristics

Vipera transcaucasiana

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Coluber ammodytes (in part), Vipera ammodytes (in part), V. a. transcaucasiana, V. (Rhinaspis) transcaucasiana

Common Names: Transcaucus viper, transcaucasian sand viper, Armenian sand viper

Description

Medium-sized viper, adults seldom >60 cm (max. about 75 cm) long, dorsal scales strongly keeled, in 21 midbody rows. Head w/ distinct nasal "horn," but w/ only weakly darkened "v" mark on top. Body light gray, ash-gray, to grayish-white, w/ a series of irregular narrow dark transverse bands along dorsal midline. Belly lighter w/ dark spots or speckling, tail may be tinged w/ yellow.

Habitat

Found in dry, brushy, rocky hillsides w/ sparse vegetation & scrubby, rather barren rocky slopes. Sometimes in rocky, open coniferous woods, or along river edges. Found up to 1,700 m elevation. Within typical habitats, this species is very thinly dispersed. Limited mainly to Georgia & northeastern Turkey, w/ historic reports from Azerbaijan & Iran (may not occur in Armenia).

Activity and Behavior

Not much known. Mainly terrestrial & probably mainly diurnal, most active during warmest part of the day & year. Not usually aggressive, but will strike quickly if disturbed or stepped on. Ovoviviparous w/ 2-15 young/ litter observed for captured specimens. Mainly eat available birds, small mammals & lizards (juveniles also eat insects).

Venom Characteristics

Not well known, but probably mainly hemotoxic & similar in nature & effects to venom of closely-related species (e.g., V. ammodytes). Rarely encountered by people, few documented reports of bites or envenomations of humans by this species, so far.

Vipera ursinii

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Pelias ursinii, Vipera ursinii ebneri, V. u. graeca. V. u. macrops, V. u. moldavica, V. u. rakosiensis, V. u. renardi, V. u. ursinii, V. u. wettsteini

Common Names: Orsini’s viper, Steppe viper, meadow viper, field viper, Vipere d'Orsini, Vipers-de-Stepa, Wiesenotter, Ostromunucesta, karst viper, Italian meadow viper, Danubian meadow viper, French meadow viper, Ebner's viper (for a subspecies), Wettstein's viper (for a subspecies)

Description

Smallest true viper found in Europe, adults fairly slender, usually 40-50 cm long (max. 80 cm). Body usually gray, yellowish, greenish, or light brown. Belly light or dark gray, maybe w/ yellow markings or small dark spots. All-black specimens occur. Dorsal (vertebral) pattern usually dark, wavy, zig-zag line w/ black edges, sometimes discontinuous; flanks usually darker than middle of back, 19 midbody dorsal scale rows. Snout rounded, slightly upturned. Females larger than males.

Click for Image [1]

Habitat

Found mainly in dry plains, grasslands, flatlands w/ few trees or bushes, & montane grasslands; more common at higher elevations (i.e., 2,000-3,000 m). Also found on wooded hillsides in mountainous regions. Generally seeks open areas on limestone slopes, near dry clay or loamy soil (found on some sandy islands in the Danube River delta). Often hides in rodent dens & small animal burrows.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly diurnal, but may be nocturnal during hot summer months. More active than most other vipers; can move rapidly. Hibernates in aggregated groups ("colonies") during winter months. Not aggressive; usually avoids humans. Seldom bites, even when bothered, but will bite if continuously molested. Ovoviviparous w/ usually 5-8 young/ litter (18 for one captive-reared female). Eats mainly beetles, grasshoppers, lizards & small rodents.

Venom Characteristics

Mildly hemotoxic. Rarely encountered by people in recent years. Rare cases of known human envenomation by this species have caused mainly local pain & swelling, followed by dizziness & nausea. Recovery is usually relatively rapid. No human fatalities reported, so far.

Vipera wagneri

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Montivipera wagneri, Vipera wagneri albizona, Viperus wagneri

Common Names: Wagner’s viper, Wagners Bergotter, ocellated mountain viper

Description

Small, fairly stout-bodied viper, adults usually 30-40 cm long (max. 95 cm) w/ 23 keeled midbody dorsal scale rows. Body usually grayish w/ dorsal pattern of yellowish brown round blotches w/ dark borders on front & back. Head w/ 2 large dark blotches forming open "V-shaped" dorsal mark. Two isolated oblique spots on neck & dark narrow post-ocular stripe from eye to corner of mouth. Belly whitish, usually speckled w/ dark spots.

Click for Image [1]

Habitat

Found mainly in rocky areas of high plateaus & mountain ranges, usually in moister, vegetated, fairly shaded North-facing slopes within overall "dry" regions. Occurs up to 3,000 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Little known about behavior; probably mainly nocturnal (or crepuscular) in warmer months, & diurnal in cool weather. Usually lethargic & slow-moving, but can be aggressive if suddenly disturbed or stepped on. When disturbed, may coil, hiss, & strike. Ovoviviparous w/ 4-8 young/ litter for some captured specimens. Eats mainly available small mammals, birds &/or lizards.

Venom Characteristics

Not much known. Likely hemotoxic w/ hemorrhagic activity. Envenomation symptoms may include local swelling, tissue necrosis, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, & regional lymphadenitis. No known antivenom currently produced.

Vipera xanthina

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Daboia xanthina, Montiviper xanthina, Vipera bulgardaghica

Common Names: Bornmueller’s viper, Ottoman viper, coastal viper, Kleinasiatische Bergotter, Near-East viper, Berghuggorm, Bergotter

Description

Large, stout-bodied viper, adults usually 70-95 cm long (max. 135 cm). Body yellow, olive, or reddish-brown. Series of dark circular or rectangular spots along each flank. Pattern more vivid in males than females. Belly gray to yellowish, often w/ black or dark grayish mottling. Snout rounded & blunt. Tail slender, short, underside of tip may be yellow.

Click for Image [1]

Habitat

Found in various habitats, including swamps, rocky hillsides, & open grassy areas w/ few bushes or trees. Most often found in areas w/ ample water, moisture, & vegetation. Often found in populated areas in yards, fields, irrigation ditches, & gardens. Found from near sea level to 2,500 m elevation.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly nocturnal, but active in the day during cooler months. Mainly terrestrial, but can climb into small trees & bushes. Lethargic & slow-moving, but can move rapidly & strike quickly. Not aggressive; avoids human confrontation, but easily aggitated, & will defend itself if molested. Ovoviviparous w/ 2-15 young/ litter in captivity. Mainly eats available mice, birds & lizards.

Venom Characteristics

Moderately potent hemotoxin & some neurotoxic factor(s). Envenomation causes sharp pain & local swelling, which may spread. Discoloration, blisters, & pus-filled or fluid-filled vesicles may appear within hours. Other symptoms may include dizziness, weakness, vomiting, & cold sweats.

Viridovipera gumprechti

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Trimeresurus gumprechti, T. stejnegeri (in part)

Common Names: Gumprecht's green pitviper

Description

Medium-to-large, fairly slender semi-arboreal pitviper, adults seldom >1 m long, w/ most dorsal scales keeled, & 2 upper front folding fangs. Body usually medium to dark greenish above, yellowish below, often w/ a very narrow pale (whitish) ventrolateral stripe along each side (may be indistinct). Prehensile tail mainly brownish or reddish-brown above, lighter below. Often confused w/ V. (formerly known as Trimeresurus) stejnegeri.

Habitat

Mainly found in montane forests up to 2,000+ m elevation in eastern & southeastern Asia. Most often encountered along margins of forest paths, clearings or streams.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly nocturnal & semi-arboreal. Often awaits prey to ambush at edge of forest clearing, path or stream. Not reported, but probably ovoviviparous w/ <12 young/ litter; probably eats available small mammals, birds, frogs & lizards. Not usually aggressive but can strike quickly if disturbed.

Venom Characteristics

Not well studied, but probably mainly hemotoxic. Difficult to identify, so may have bitten & envenomated humans in cases which were historically blamed on a closely related species, V. stejnegeri, from which this & 2 more species were very recently split. No specific antivenom is currently produced against this species.

Viridovipera medoensis

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Trimeresurus medoensis, T. stejnegeri (in part)

Common Names: Green bamboo leaf pitviper, Motuo bamboo pitviper

Description

Medium-sized slender pitviper, adults usually 65-67 cm long (max. about 75 cm) w/ 17 midbody dorsal rows of keeled scales. Usually green or bluish-green above w/ yellowish-white belly, 2-colored (red below, white above) ventrolateral stripe along both sides of the body in both sexes. Has a pair of movable, upper, front fangs & a loreal heat-detecting pit between the eye & nostril on each side of its head. Prehensile tail usually dull reddish-brown above.

Habitat

Found mainly in margins & along paths in seasonally wet sub-tropical forests of southern & southeastern Asia. Typically found in stands of bamboo and associated plants, often found near streams, at moderate elevations (up to 1200+ m).

Activity and Behavior

Mainly arboreal & mainly nocturnal, but not well studied. Probably ovoviviparous (litter size not reported, so far). Probably preys on available lizards, small mammals, birds & frogs (juveniles probably eat arthropods, too).

Venom Characteristics

Not well studied, but probably mainly hemotoxic. Reports of human envenomations by this species are not well documented & may have been confused because this is one of 3 new species recently split from V. stejnegeri (formerly called Trimeresurus stejnegeri). No specific antivenom is currently being produced against this species.

Viridovipera stejnegeri

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Trimeresurus graminaeus formosensis, T. g. kodairai, T. gramineus, T. g. formosensis, T. g. kodairai, Trimeresurus stejnegeri, T. s. chenbihuii, T. s. kodairai, T. s. makii, T. s. stejnegeri, T. s. yunnanensis, Trimeresurus yunnanensis, Viridovipera yunnanensis

Common Names: Chinese bamboo pitviper, Chinese green tree viper, Stejneger's bamboo viper, chenbihuii, Chen's bamboo pitviper, Formosan green tree pitviper, Stejnegers Bambusotter, Chinesische Bambusotter, bamboo pitviper

Description

Medium-sized, fairly stout, arboreal pitviper; adults usually 60-70 cm long (max. 100 cm). Body uniformly leaf-green to chartreuse-green; no markings except thin white, yellowish-white, or red-&-white (red below, white above) stripe along each side, usually 21 midbody dorsal rows of keeled scales. Belly pale green, prehensile tail terracotta or rust-colored above. Very similar in appearance to Pope's pitviper, Trimeresurus popeorum.

Click for Image [1] [2] [3]

Habitat

Mainly found in montane forest areas, usually in bamboo thickets, bushes, & trees along water courses; found more frequently on hillsides than on level terrain, often in edges of agricultural areas. Occurs up to 2,845 m elevation. Most common in Cambodia, southern China, isolated sites in Myanmar & Thailand, & Vietnam; occurs but rarely in certain other southern Asian & southeastern Asian countries.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly arboreal (maybe semi-arboreal) & mainly nocturnal. Sluggish by day. Usually calm disposition, but strikes quickly if surprised or brushed against while resting in arboreal shelters. When threatened while on the ground, may coil & rapidly vibrate tail as a warning. Ovoviviparous, w/ usually 3-10 young/ litter. Eats mainly small frogs, lizards & small mammals.

Venom Characteristics

Mainly hemotoxic. Envenomation symptoms include severe local pain, oozing from fang marks, extensive local swelling, bruising, nausea, & vomiting. Many bites of humans in agricultural areas, or people who walk along narrow bamboo forest trails. Human fatalities recorded but not common.

Viridovipera vogeli

Identification

Family: Viperidae

Scientific Names: Trimeresurus vogeli, Trimeresurus stejnegeri (in part)

Common Names: Vogel's pitviper, bamboo pitviper

Description

Medium-sized slender pitviper, adults usually 65-70 cm long w/ usually 17 midbody rows of keeled dorsal scales. Body usually medium-green above, whitish below, w/ a narrow whitish ventrolateral stripe along each side (this may be 2-colored w/ reddish-brown below, whitish above). Has a pair of movable upper, front fangs & a loreal heat-detecting pit between eye & nostril on each side of its head. Prehensile tail usually brownish above.

Habitat

Mainly found in seasonally wet subtropical forests which include bamboo. Usually found by edges of clearings, paths, or streams at moderate elevations (up to 1,000+ m). Reported only from 4 Southeast Asian countries, so far.

Activity and Behavior

Mainly arboreal & mainly nocturnal, but not well studied. Probably ovoviviparous (litter size not reported, so far), Probably preys on available small animals like lizards, frogs, birds & small mammals (juveniles probably also eat available arthropods).

Venom Characteristics

Not well studied, but probably mainly hemotoxic. Reports of human envenomations by this species are not well documented, and may have been confused in past because this is one of 3 new species recently split from V. stejnegeri (formerly known as Trimeresurus stejnegeri). No specific antivenom is currently being produced against venom of this species.